Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes. It occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones due to a lack of Insulin. Understanding the warning signs and addressing them quickly is crucial.

Definition

DKA happens when the body cannot use glucose (sugar) for energy because there is not enough Insulin. Instead, it breaks down fat, producing ketones that can build up to dangerous levels in the blood. This leads to dehydration, acidosis (too much acid in the body), and other severe health issues.

Causes

• Insufficient Insulin levels, commonly in people with Type 1 Diabetes.
• Infection or illness that increases the body's need for Insulin.
• Missing Insulin doses or taking incorrect amounts.
• Severe physical or emotional stress.

Risk Factors

• People with Type 1 Diabetes (most commonly affected).
• Poorly controlled diabetes of any type.
• Recent illness or infection (e.g., flu, pneumonia).
• Younger individuals are more frequently at risk.
• High alcohol intake or substance use in certain cases.

Symptoms

• Excessive thirst and Frequent urination.
• Extreme fatigue and weakness.
• Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
• Fruity-smelling breath (caused by ketones).
• Rapid breathing or shortness of breath.
• Confusion or difficulty concentrating.

Diagnosis

• Blood sugar tests showing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
• Ketone test (through blood or urine) to indicate ketone levels.
• Blood acid levels (pH) tests revealing acidosis.
• Physical examination and patient history analysis.

Management

• Hospital treatment is often required for DKA to restore proper fluid balance and lower ketone levels.
• Insulin therapy to control high blood sugar.
• Rehydration with intravenous fluids to address dehydration.
• Electrolyte replacement to balance essential minerals like potassium.

Early identification of DKA symptoms and prompt action can prevent complications and ensure safe recovery. Managing diabetes effectively and staying vigilant during illness can significantly reduce the risk of DKA.