Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes affecting the kidneys. Proper management and early detection are critical to slowing its progression and preserving kidney health.

Definition

Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage caused by long-term high Blood sugar levels. Over time, it affects the kidneys' ability to filter waste efficiently, leading to waste buildup in the body. It is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure worldwide.

Causes

Chronic high Blood sugar levels damage the small blood vessels and filters (glomeruli) in the kidneys. This damage reduces their ability to remove toxins and excess fluid from the blood. High blood pressure often develops alongside Diabetic nephropathy, further damaging the kidneys.

Risk Factors

• Poorly controlled Blood sugar levels
• High blood pressure
• Long duration of diabetes (type 1 or type 2)
• Family history of kidney disease
• Smoking
• Obesity
• High cholesterol levels

Symptoms

Diabetic nephropathy may not cause noticeable symptoms in the early stages. Over time, the following may develop:

• Swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles (edema)
• High blood pressure
• Fatigue or weakness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Difficulty concentrating
• Increased protein in urine (foamy urine)

Diagnosis

• Urine Tests: This checks for protein or albumin levels in the urine (microalbuminuria).
• Blood Tests: Determines how well the kidneys are filtering waste by measuring creatinine levels.
• Imaging Tests: May include ultrasound or CT scans to assess kidney structure and function.
• Kidney Biopsy: In rare cases, a small sample of kidney tissue is examined for confirmation.

Management

• Blood Sugar Control: Maintaining target Blood sugar levels to reduce further kidney damage.
• Blood Pressure Management: Medications like ACE inhibitors or ARBs help protect the kidneys.
• Diet Changes: Reducing protein, salt, and potassium intake as advised by a healthcare provider.
• Lifestyle: Quitting smoking, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight.
• Regular Monitoring: Periodic tests to track kidney function progression.
• Advanced Treatments: Dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary in severe cases of kidney failure.